Certified Instrument Specialist (CIS) Practice Exam 2025 – The All-in-One Guide to Achieving Certification Success!

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How is water hardness generally measured?

By temperature

By the amount of magnesium present

By the amount of calcium carbonate present

Water hardness is primarily measured by the concentration of calcium carbonate present in the water. The presence of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) contributes to water hardness, but the specific measurement commonly used expresses this hardness in terms of calcium carbonate. This method provides a standardized way of quantifying hardness, allowing for comparisons across different water samples and facilitating the assessment of water quality in various applications. In practice, hardness is often reported in terms of milligrams per liter (mg/L) of CaCO₃ equivalent, reflecting the calcium and magnesium content's impact on water quality and suitability for specific uses such as in industrial processes, drinking water, or aquatic ecosystems.

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By the pH level

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